In early 2022, the State Department of the United States gave approval for a set of possible arms sales to friendly Middle Eastern countries that include Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Jordan. According to the Defense Security Cooperation Agency, the approved sale to Jordan alone includes a dozen F-16 C/D Block 70 fighter jets, with a value of more than $4 billion. Additionally, Jordan is approved to receive tail kits for guided missiles and other related munitions and radio equipment. 

The U.S.-Jordan diplomatic relationship officially began in 1949 and has been a close and cooperative one for the past four decades, as Jordan has increasingly become a force for moderation in the region. In 1994, Jordan became the second Arab nation to conclude a peace treaty with Israel, further cementing its relationship with the U.S. In 1996, noting shared strategic and peace-keeping goals, the U.S. proclaimed Jordan a major non-NATO ally. The U.S. also continues as the single biggest provider of bilateral aid to Jordan. 

 

Israel’s relations with Jordan remain at least stable, as well, with King Abdullah II continuing his nation’s diplomatic ties and security cooperation with the Jewish State since he came to the throne in 1999. This relationship has sometimes been more of a cold peace, particularly at points during former Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s long term in office. Additionally, the presence of some 3 million Palestinians within Jordan’s borders means that the king cannot build too warm of a relationship with Israel. 

 

But, while Netanyahu more than once nettled the Jordanian government, current Israeli coalition Prime Minister Naftali Bennett is a more subdued presence. Soon after taking office, Bennett doubled the water supply Israel diverts to Jordan, and has reportedly met personally with Abdullah in Amman to discuss enhancements to the relationship. 

 
The trajectory of the Hashemite dynasty 

 

King Abdullah II is the son and heir of the late King Hussein, who died in 1999 after a 46-year rule. Under Hussein, modernizing trends shaping the developing world took root, and his policies notably boosted the national economy and gave more Jordanians the opportunity to raise their standard of living. 

 

As part of the carve-up of the post-World War I Ottoman Empire, the British created the emirate of Transjordan to the east of the River Jordan, flanked by what are now Saudi Arabia, Syria, Iraq, and Israel (then mandatory Palestine). The Hashemite dynasty was established by that first emir, Abdullah (the current monarch’s great-grandfather), who traced his family history all the way back to the Prophet Muhammed through the Hashemite princes of Mecca. Abdullah I was the brother of Iraq’s King Faisal, and both brothers allied with adventurer T. E. Lawrence in the Arab Revolt against the Ottomans. (Fans of David Lean’s epic 1962 film Lawrence of Arabia will recall Alec Guinness’ memorable portrayal of Prince Faisal.) 

 

Abdullah I notably was the only Arab ruler to accept the terms of the UN’s division of mandatory Palestine into two states, one Jewish and one Arab. During the Arab countries’ war with Israel in 1948, his troops moved into the West Bank (which he annexed in 1950) and East Jerusalem, occupying them until the Six-Day War in 1967. The annexation met with vociferous anger from surrounding Arab nations, and from the Palestinians. It was a Palestinian who ended Abdullah’s reign with a bullet, at the entrance to the al-Aqsa Mosque in the Old City of Jerusalem in 1951. 

 

After Abdullah’s assassination, his grandson Hussein was chosen to take the throne after Hussein’s own father, Talal, was forced to abdicate due to his suffering from an extreme form of mental illness. It was during Talal’s brief reign, however, that Jordan was declared a constitutional monarchy.  

 

Under this system, the king retains ultimate power over all branches of government, aided by his self-chosen prime minister and cabinet, although these appointments are subject to approval by parliament. The bicameral legislature includes senators appointed by the king and representatives elected by the people. 

 

The constant Palestinian presence 

 

The Palestinian presence in Jordan has been a particularly consistent thorn in the side of its kings.  

 

After King Abdullah I’s annexation of the West Bank, numerous Palestinians came under his rule. After the founding of Israel, many more fled to Jordan. After the Six-Day War brought the West Bank and East Jerusalem under Israeli control, it also gave rise to another influx of refugees into Jordan. Palestinians now constitute an estimated more than one-fourth of the total Jordanian population. 

 

After the loss of the West Bank, Palestinians joined rapidly proliferating fedayeen (guerrilla) organizations. In 1970, King Hussein ordered the Jordanian army into combat against fedayeen strongholds in order to prevent the toppling of his reign. The fighting was ruthless, with the result that many Palestinians continue to feel bitterness toward the Hashemite dynasty. The king reduced the influence of Palestinians in Jordan’s government beginning in 1974, when the Palestine Liberation Organization, and not Jordan, was proclaimed the official representative of the Palestinian people. 

 

Grappling with crisis 

 

Over the past two decades, Jordan has seen a number of attacks from al-Qaeda within and across its borders. Notably, Iraqi al-Qaeda operatives claimed responsibility for the 2005 suicide bombings at three Amman hotels that took the lives of 60 people, most of them Jordanian citizens. 

 

The national economy is also marked by the toll the COVID-19 pandemic has taken, with high unemployment figures across demographics. The unemployment and economic crisis is particularly hard on the many Syrian, Iraqi, and Palestinian refugees in the country, a large percentage of whom remain stuck in camps. 

 

Additionally, Jordan’s tribal alliances—traditionally a strong support for the monarchy—have become discontented with the king’s appointment of technocrats to ministerial positions. Young people are also restive in the country, which has been described by some progressive activists as a “soft dictatorship.”  

 

And in 2021, the news got out that a half-brother of the king had attempted what amounts to a coup. The government claimed that the brother, Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, sought to foment “sedition” in the country with support from foreign organizations. The prince is thought to be still under house arrest after the plot was defused. 

 

Despite this turmoil, Jordan in fact remains among the more stable partners for peace and security in the region as far as the U.S. and the Israelis are concerned. All the more reason to watch events unfolding there with keen interest. 

An American military operation resulted in the suicide of the new leader of ISIS on February 3, 2022. The terror leader “is no more,” President Joe Biden said in a speech to Americans afterward. The message that the incident sends to other terrorists throughout the world, Biden said, is that the United States is prepared to “come after you and find you.” 

 

During a raid on an Islamic State compound in northwest Syria, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurayshi reportedly blew himself up, killing several children and adult family members in the blast, according to local first responder sources. U.S. military sources said that Special Forces personnel rescued 10 other civilians from the building.  

 

Special Forces additionally confiscated electronic devices from the encampment. The information recovered will reportedly assist the U.S. in finding and taking the fight to additional ISIS strongholds. 

 

History repeats itself 

 

U.S. forces under the previous administration raided the compound of then-ISIS leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi late in 2019, in almost the same geographic location as the raid on al-Qurayshi. After al-Baghdadi died subsequent to detonating his suicide belt, the Iraq-born Qurayshi took over leadership of the terror group. Under Qurayshi’s direction in recent years, ISIS fighters conducted a campaign of genocide against the Yazidi minority in the region, among other crimes against humanity. 

 

A terror mastermind 

 

Al-Qurayshi, believed to have been born in 1976, was also reportedly a graduate in Quranic studies from Mosul University in Iraq who took up arms as a member of ISIS in about 2007. Taken into custody by American forces the following year, he is believed by intelligence sources to have disclosed to the U.S. the identities of some two dozen other members of ISIS. Media reports have declared him the “architect” of the Yazidi genocide, and he seems to have been promoted to the position of al-Baghdadi’s second in command by 2018. 

 

After Qurayshi’s death, experts noted that his successor was likely to be another Iraqi in the group’s leadership structure. While declared by the U.S. as defeated a few years ago, ISIS has recently shown that it is regaining strength, determination, and numbers. 

 

Key allies in the battle against ISIS 

 

In his address to the nation, Biden additionally gave credit to the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), a majority-Kurdish fighting operation that has given extensive manpower aid to the U.S. and other Western nations in the struggle against ISIS. 

 

Formed with extensive U.S. support in 2015 after four years of the continuing civil war in Syria, the SDF has played a key role in combating the proliferation of ISIS in the region. American forces have provided military aid and training to the group in tactical issues such as calling in airstrikes. In 2017, American-backed SDF fighters took over Raqqa, the “de facto capital” of ISIS in Syria, and announced a “total liberation” of the city. 

 

And it was the SDF whose fighters dealt what looked like the decisive blow to ISIS in March 2019, when they recaptured the last significant patch of territory held by the self-declared ISIS “caliphate.” 

 

After that victory, the SDF used their momentum to establish themselves along a wide swath of autonomous territory across Syria’s northeast, naming their stronghold Rojava. They have since put in place their own governing institutions in the area. 

 

ISIS resurgent 

 

Even soon after the SDF and the U.S. had declared victory in 2019, though, ISIS was already showing signs of its resurgence. 

 

The operation that took out Qurayshi took place only days after ISIS fighters overpowered the staff of a prison in Hasaka, in the northeast of Syria. That prison changed hands again when SDF forces in turn overpowered the ISIS militants holed up inside. The intense fighting, which flowed over into nearby residential streets, was the most extreme incident involving U.S. troops in urban combat since the ISIS was subdued in 2019. 

 

A complex organization  

 

So who are the members of the SDF? 

 

Although primarily composed of Kurds, the group includes a number of Arabs, Armenians, and Assyrians among its troops. Notably, women often fight alongside men within the relatively egalitarian structure of the SDF.  

 

According to the European Council on Foreign Relations, the SDF is hoping for eventual international recognition of its locally run, de facto Autonomous Administration in North and East Syria (AANES).  

 

This multi-ethnic, loosely knit organization has proved to be the West’s chief ally in the fight against ISIS. Its leadership is drawn mainly from the YPG (Kurdish People’s Protection Units), formed in 2012 by a group of veterans newly returned to Syria from the PKK (Kurdistan Workers’ Party).  

The PKK is a militant group that traces its origins back to the 1970s. The PKK’s original program included the promotion of violence to achieve independence for the region’s Kurds, and in recent years it has been officially declared a terror organization by the U.S., the European Union, and Turkey, which has expressed sometimes violent opposition to any notion of Kurdish independence. 

 

The SDF has also drawn criticism from the PKK for its policy of concluding oil deals with the U.S., as well as for its attempt to participate in United Nations-facilitated dialogue on the future of war-torn Syria. 

 

Meanwhile, according to the European Council, the SDF has filled an infrastructure and leadership vacuum in northern Syria, with the oil revenues flowing from the lands it occupies, allowing it to pay good wages to workers from local majority-Arab communities. However, continued oil money is, in practical terms, contingent on the continued ability of the U.S. to shore up this ally by blocking Russia from its oil-rich territories. 

 

Regardless of its help to the U.S. in prosecuting the war against ISIS, it seems unlikely, given current Turkish, Syrian, and Russian opposition to its nationalist goals, that the SDF will achieve its hoped-for recognition any time soon, if ever. 

In December 2021, Libya was preparing to hold its first presidential elections since the ouster and killing of long-term dictator Muammar Gaddafi a decade before. But those elections never happened, and as of January 2022, no one could be sure when—or if—they would take place. Libya’s parliamentary commission stated that circumstances had made it “impossible” for elections to proceed. It was an enormous disappointment to the international effort to put an end to the chaos, violence, and disorder in the oil-rich country since the strongman’s death. 

According to the publication Egypt Today and other sources, security issues were the main hurdle. The Libyan High Electoral Commission pointed to threats from several different militias that prevented them from publishing the final list of candidates for the presidency. Additionally, disputes over electoral rules as well as who was eligible to be a candidate roiled the process. 

For one thing, Muammar Gaddafi’s son, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, had applied as a presidential candidate but was rejected by the electoral commission as ineligible. In 2015 the younger Gaddafi was convicted of war crimes in absentia for his actions during the revolution that sealed the fate of Gaddafi senior. His attorney claimed that a court had overruled the election ban. 

The urgency to fill a void 

All Libyan institutions still operating under an interim government are doing so without full credibility, and a comprehensive peace agreement is the only viable way forward. Continued conflict is not only fraying the nation’s remaining infrastructure and endangering civilians, but it is also causing shutdowns to oil operations. This is major, as oil exports are Libya’s main source of state income. Short-term and long-term shutdowns drain sources of revenue that would, in the best circumstances, support basic civilian needs.  

Trying to pick up the pieces 

United Nations officials stated their belief that elections were still possible within a few months, and set June 2022 as an achievable goal.  

This would still be in alignment with a roadmap facilitated by the UN, based on discussions at the November 2020 Libyan Political Dialogue Forum. The forum worked to establish structures and goals for holding credible democratic elections and included stakeholders—male and female—from multiple sectors of Libyan society.  

UN representatives also stated that the rights of the almost 3 million Libyan citizens who registered to vote must be upheld, and that the core issues standing in the way of security and a free election must be addressed promptly. 

Posthumous support for Gaddafi 

Many Libyans today, even after the extreme repression and violence Gaddafi perpetrated against his people over four decades, continue to revere him as a symbol of strength and stability. This is particularly true among members of the Warfalla tribe in Western Libya, Gaddafi’s home region.  

But while the Arab-Berber Warfalla people, who make up one-sixth of Libya’s population, served in key security positions and achieved high ranks in the government patronage system under Gaddafi, growing urbanization and other trends make them more diverse politically than might first be apparent to Westerners. While many of the Warfalla have expressed nostalgia for the days of Gaddafi, pointing to the rampant violence and instability that has ensued since the time of his death, others are more than ready for change.  

Tyranny followed by calamity 

The Arab Spring proved to be a colossal and dangerous failure in Libya. During the NATO-supported uprising against Gaddafi’s regime in 2011, the country was divided into two rival governing segments in the east and west. In the east, warlord Khalifa Haftar held power, while the UN supported the administration based in Tripoli in the west. Numerous outside actors, including other nations and militias with varying ideologies, were in the mix, supporting one side or the other.  

Problematic candidacies 

Haftar, who in 2019 led an attack on Tripoli and who has expressed contempt for democracy, was among the announced candidates for president in December 2021. Haftar’s candidacy, like that of Gaddafi’s son, was problematic for the electoral commission, and immediately before the scheduled December 24 election date, it remained unclear whether he would be allowed to run. He has been credibly accused of torture and other human rights abuses. And a court in Western Libya has pronounced a death sentence on him (rendered in absentia) due to his bombing attack on a military school. Haftar is said to hold dual Libyan-American citizenship, which would also disqualify him.  

Haftar and the younger Gaddafi were among a slate of about 100 individuals who originally registered as presidential candidates for the December elections. Twenty-five proposed candidates were initially disqualified, although that decision must make its way through an appeals process in the court system.  

Complicating matters still further, interim prime minister Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh did not submit his declaration that he would stand down from his present position by the required three months before the election. Dbeibeh had previously promised, as part of his elevation to the premiership, that he would not run for president in a later election. 

 

 

Meanwhile, most ordinary Libyans simply want an end to the chaos 

The Abraham Accords, signed between Israel and the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain on September 15, 2020, have already yielded multiple benefits for the nations involved, and for the Mideast in general. Official normalization of relations with Israel on the part of the UAE and Bahrain—and in separate agreements, Morocco and Sudan—has created a climate not only of peace and security, but of increased business and technological exchange opportunities as well. 

In addition, there are new cultural exchanges that would have been unthinkable two years ago.  

Planting Trees for Peace 

On January 17, 2022, Israel and Jewish communities all over the world celebrated the holiday of Tu B’Shvat, called the “New Year of the Trees.” This holiday is centered on the responsibilities of human beings as stewards of the earth, and on the value of celebrating the connection with nature. Throughout Israel, and wherever there are Jews, people plant trees in order to help sustain the environment for the future. And Tu B’Shvat of 2022 was the first time ever that the holiday was celebrated in the UAE.  

The Jewish Educational Campus in the UAE, formed in early 2021 soon after the conclusion of the Abraham Accords, is the focal point of a small but growing expat Israeli and Jewish community in the UAE. In partnership with Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael-Jewish National Fund (KKL-JNF), the organization sponsored tree plantings during the celebration of its first anniversary, which coincided with the ecological holiday.  

The Power of Cultural Diplomacy 

We shouldn’t overlook the importance of cultural events like this one. Cultural diplomacy is part of the 21st century way of conducting diplomatic relations. It emphasizes building connections between people across borders to help them appreciate one another as human beings with common goals: peace, prosperity, improved communication and technological cooperation, and solving transnational problems like climate change.  

The Israeli government has long believed that it has a responsibility to promote the cultural products of its citizenry—literature and the arts, social relationships, folklore, and holidays included—to foster greater understanding of Israel and to increase the chances of sustaining peaceful and mutually beneficial international relationships over the long term. 

What “Jewish Arbor Day” Is All About 

 In Hebrew, “tu” refers to the number 15. So, the name “Tu B’Shvat” simply means that the holiday falls on the 15th day of the month of Shvat in the Jewish lunar calendar. In ancient times in Israel, this date marked a key event according to the agricultural and tax practices of the time.  

The rabbis legally set the 15th of Shvat as the “birthday” of all the trees in the nation as a convenience for farmers. This is because they had to know when the fourth year after planting arrived. That way, they could bring the fruit of a tree to the Temple as an offering, as required by the Torah.  

In today’s homes, synagogues, and Jewish community centers throughout the world, people join together not only to plant trees, but to honor the bounty of the earth. Tu B’Shvat seders reflect the traditions of the Passover seder while focusing on environmental themes. With its overall theme of a common desire to protect the earth, the holiday is especially suited for interfaith and inter-cultural observances. 

Dignitaries at the UAE Tu B’Shvat celebration included representatives of the Israeli consulate in Dubai and KKL-JNF. They noted their positive feelings about being able to plant a tree in the UAE that could be enjoyed by future generations. They also emphasized KKL-JNF’s commitment to working with the UAE to combat climate change and support ecologically friendly development.  

“Nature Knows No Borders” 

Environmental issues have become critical throughout the Middle East, throwing the interdependence of the region’s people into high relief against their desert background. In Israel, the Arava Institute for Environmental Studies works with the motto, “Nature Knows No Borders.” Arava has cooperated extensively with Jordanian, Moroccan, and other Mideast nations, as well as with the Palestinians, in programs such as one training international college-age youth to study and work on environmental issues. 

Arava’s leaders have addressed the need for Israel and its neighbors to collaborate on solutions for the mutual survival of their peoples. It’s important to note a central point in this conversation: Israel’s advanced technologies that allow it to manage water resources and control the spread of desertification ensure that the full impact of climate change on its people is blunted for now. But in order to survive over the long term, it is vital that it learns to manage common resources with the Arab nations that surround it.  

The Arava Institute is focused on developing its ability to build relationships with the Gulf States that bring young scientists, creative artists, and policymakers from multiple nations together. These relationships are helping to establish a new generation of programs that have the ultimate goal of making a more sustainable region, with improved living conditions and new opportunities for Israelis and their neighbors.  

And as the environmental and cultural diplomacy evident in the Tu B’Shvat celebration in the UAE demonstrated, things may be starting to change for the better.